Warnings are diagnostic messages that report constructions which are not inherently erroneous but which are risky or suggest there may have been an error.
You can request many specific warnings with options beginning -W , for example -Wimplicit to request warnings on implicit declarations. Each of these specific warning options also has a negative form beginning -Wno- to turn off warnings; for example, -Wno-implicit . This manual lists only one of the two forms, whichever is not the default.
These options control the amount and kinds of warnings produced by GNU CC:
-pedantic
Issue all the warnings demanded by strict ANSI standard C; reject all programs that use forbidden extensions.
Valid ANSI standard C programs should compile properly with or without this option (though a rare few will require -ansi ). However, without this option, certain GNU extensions and traditional C features are supported as well. With this option, they are rejected.
-pedantic does not cause warning messages for use of the alternate keywords whose names begin and end with __ . Pedantic warnings are also disabled in the expression that follows __extension__ . However, only system header files should use these escape routes; application programs should avoid them. See See Alternate Keywords .
This option is not intended to be useful; it exists only to satisfy pedants who would otherwise claim that GNU CC fails to support the ANSI standard.
Some users try to use -pedantic to check programs for strict ANSI C conformance. They soon find that it does not do quite what they want: it finds some non-ANSI practices, but not all--only those for which ANSI C requires a diagnostic.
A feature to report any failure to conform to ANSI C might be useful in some instances, but would require considerable additional work and would be quite different from -pedantic . We recommend, rather, that users take advantage of the extensions of GNU C and disregard the limitations of other compilers. Aside from certain supercomputers and obsolete small machines, there is less and less reason ever to use any other C compiler other than for bootstrapping GNU CC.
-pedantic-errors
Like -pedantic , except that errors are produced rather than warnings.
-Wno-precomp
Inhibit warning messages reltaing to not being able to use precompiled headers.
-Wchar-subscripts
Warn if an array subscript has type char . This is a common cause of error, as programmers often forget that this type is signed on some machines.
-Wformat
Check calls to printf and scanf , etc., to make sure that the arguments supplied have types appropriate to the format string specified.
-Wno-four-char-constants
Does not warn when the compiler sees a four-character constants (such as 'TEXT'). The Mac OS makes heavy use of file types and file creators (in a C type called OSType ), written as character constants containing four characters.
-Wparentheses
Warn if parentheses are omitted in certain contexts, such as when there is an assignment in a context where a truth value is expected, or when operators are nested whose precedence people often get confused about.
-Wreturn-type
Warn whenever a function is defined with a return-type that defaults to int . Also warn about any return statement with no return-value in a function whose return-type is not void .
-Wstyle
Warn when assignments are used as conditionals in if , for , and while statements. For example, consider the following line of code:
if (i = foo()) { ... }
The warning suggests an extra set of parenthesis around the assignment, like:
if ((i = foo())) { ... }
The intent behind this warning is to catch situations where you really meant to test for equivalence ( == ) and not assignment ( = ).
-Wswitch
Warn whenever a switch statement has an index of enumeral type and lacks a case for one or more of the named codes of that enumeration. (The presence of a default label prevents this warning.) case labels outside the enumeration range also provoke warnings when this option is used.
-Wunused
Warn whenever a variable is unused aside from its declaration, whenever a function is declared static but never defined, whenever a label is declared but not used, and whenever a statement computes a result that is explicitly not used.
To suppress this warning for an expression, simply cast it to void. For unused variables and parameters, use the unused attribute (see See Specifying Attributes of Variables ).
-Wuninitialized
An automatic variable is used without first being initialized.
These warnings are possible only in optimizing compilation, because they require data flow information that is computed only when optimizing. If you don't specify -O, you simply won't get these warnings.
These warnings occur only for variables that are candidates for register allocation. Therefore, they do not occur for a variable that is declared volatile, or whose address is taken, or whose size is other than 1, 2, 4 or 8 bytes. Also, they do not occur for structures, unions or arrays, even when they are in registers.
Note that there may be no warning about a variable that is used only to compute a value that itself is never used, because such computations may be deleted by data flow analysis before the warnings are printed.
These warnings are made optional because GNU CC is not smart enough to see all the reasons why the code might be correct despite appearing to have an error. Here is one example of how this can happen:
{
int x;
switch (y) {
case 1:
x = 1;
break;
case 2:
x = 4;
break;
case 3:
x = 5;
}
foo (x);
}
If the value of y is always 1, 2 or 3, then x is always initialized, but GNU CC doesn't know this. Here is another common case:
{
int save_y;
if (change_y)
save_y = y, y = new_y;
...
if (change_y)
y = save_y;
}
This has no bug because save_y is used only if it is set.
Some spurious warnings can be avoided if you declare all the functions you use that never return as noreturn. See See Declaring Attributes of Functions .
-Wreorder
Warn when the order of member initializers given in the code does not match the order in which they must be executed. For instance:
struct A {
int i;
int j;
A(): j (0), i (1) { }
};
Here the compiler will warn that the member initializers for i and j will be rearranged to match the declaration order of the members.
-Wtemplate-debugging
When using templates in a C++ program, warn if debugging is not yet fully available.
-Wall
All of the above -W options combined. These are all the options which pertain to usage that we recommend avoiding and that we believe is easy to avoid, even in conjunction with macros.
The remaining -W.. . options are not implied by -Wall because they warn about constructions that we consider reasonable to use, on occasion, in clean programs.
-Wmost
-W
Print extra warning messages for these events:
The compiler sees only the calls to setjmp . It cannot know where longjmp will be called; in fact, a signal handler could call it at any point in the code. As a result, you may get a warning even when there is in fact no problem because longjmp cannot in fact be called at the place which would cause a problem.
foo (a) {
if (a > 0)
return a;
}
struct s {
int f, g;
};
struct t {
struct s h;
int i;
};
struct t x = { 1, 2, 3 };
-Wtraditional
Warn about certain constructs that behave differently in traditional and ANSI C.
-Wid-clash-
len
Warn whenever two distinct identifiers match in the first len characters. This may help you prepare a program that will compile with certain obsolete, brain-damaged compilers.
-Wpointer-arith
Warn about anything that depends on the "size of" a function type or of void . GNU C assigns these types a size of 1, for convenience in calculations with void * pointers and pointers to functions.
-Wbad-function-cast
Warn whenever a function call is cast to a non-matching type. For example, warn if int malloc() is cast to anything * .
-Wcast-qual
Warn whenever a pointer is cast so as to remove a type qualifier from the target type. For example, warn if a const char * is cast to an ordinary char * .
-Wcast-align
Warn whenever a pointer is cast such that the required alignment of the target is increased. For example, warn if a char * is cast to an int * on machines where integers can only be accessed at two- or four-byte boundaries.
-Wwrite-strings
Give string constants the type const char[LENGTH] so that copying the address of one into a non- const char * pointer will get a warning. These warnings will help you find at compile time code that can try to write into a string constant, but only if you have been very careful about using const in declarations and prototypes. Otherwise, it will just be a nuisance; this is why we did not make -Wall request these warnings.
-Wconversion
Warn if a prototype causes a type conversion that is different from what would happen to the same argument in the absence of a prototype. This includes conversions of fixed point to floating and vice versa, and conversions changing the width or signedness of a fixed point argument except when the same as the default promotion.
Also, warn if a negative integer constant expression is implicitly converted to an unsigned type. For example, warn about the assignment x = -1 if x is unsigned. But do not warn about explicit casts like (unsigned) -1 .
-Waggregate-return
Warn if any functions that return structures or unions are defined or called. (In languages where you can return an array, this also elicits a warning.)
-Wstrict-prototypes
Warn if a function is declared or defined without specifying the argument types. (An old-style function definition is permitted without a warning if preceded by a declaration which specifies the argument types.)
-Wmissing-prototypes
Warn if a global function is defined without a previous prototype declaration. This warning is issued even if the definition itself provides a prototype. The aim is to detect global functions that fail to be declared in header files.
-Wmissing-declarations
Warn if a global function is defined without a previous declaration. Do so even if the definition itself provides a prototype. Use this option to detect global functions that are not declared in header files.
-Wredundant-decls
Warn if anything is declared more than once in the same scope, even in cases where multiple declaration is valid and changes nothing.
-Winline
Warn if a function can not be inlined, and either it was declared as inline, or else the -finline-functions option was given.
-Woverloaded-virtual
Warn when a derived class function declaration may be an error in defining a virtual function (C++ only). In a derived class, the definitions of virtual functions must match the type signature of a virtual function declared in the base class. With this option, the compiler warns when you define a function with the same name as a virtual function, but with a type signature that does not match any declarations from the base class.
-Wsynth
Warn when g++'s synthesis behavior does not match that of cfront. For instance:
struct A {
operator int ();
A& operator = (int);
};
main () {
A a,b;
a = b;
}
In this example, g++ will synthesize a default A& operator = (const A&); , while cfront will use the user-defined operator = .